《西方文明中的音乐》摘抄 第十章 巴洛克(2018.1.14)

     The representative form of early baroque instrumental ensemble music was the canzon da sonar, or “play chanson,” which was the instrumental variety of the secular part songs of the High Renaissance. The modest beginnings of these instrumental chansons soon absorbed the effects of the polychoral concerted style of the Venetians. Originally written for four or five parts, these compositions now display eight, ten, twelve, and even sixteen parts, requiring the combination of a small orchestra. By 1600 the canzone was so firmly established in both keyboard and ensemble music as a form of instrumental music that the epithet da sonar, “to be played,” was omitted. Together with the ricercar, which had already asserted its independence, the canzone developed such varieties and cross-species as the fantasia and capriccio, the latter two in their turn evolving a mixed form called “sonata.” The seventeenth-century sonata has nothing in common with the species as we know it since Beethovenian times; the term signified merely the purely instrumental nature of such compositions and no specific formal structure was attached to it. Recalling the remarkably neat form of the French chanson—which we must constantly remember—it is not surprising to find that it was the canzone which first showed a regular periodic formal structure, and it was not long before the first signs of symphonic principles in the modern sense of the word, thematic development as established by Frescobaldi in keyboard music, appeared. Indeed, we are dealing in the canzone with one of the far ancestors of the classical symphony.

      巴洛克早期器乐合奏的代表形式是canzon da sonar, 即“奏的尚松”。是文艺复兴盛期世俗性分部歌曲的器乐变体。起先规模不大的器乐尚松很快吸收了威尼斯多重唱诗班的协作效果。原来用四个火五个声部的乐曲，如今用上八个、十个、十二个、甚至十六个声部，要求一个小乐队的组合。到1600年，（意语的尚松）canzone（现译坎佐那或坎佐内）作为键盘音乐和合奏音乐的一种器乐形式已经牢牢站稳脚跟，就此把定语da sonar“奏的”省略。坎佐内和已经独立存在的利切卡尔一起生化变出体和杂交品种，如幻想曲和随想曲，后者又产生一种混合形式，叫做“奏鸣曲”。17世纪的奏鸣曲和我们所知道的贝多芬以来的奏鸣曲毫无共同之处。奏鸣曲一词不过表示这类作品的纯器乐性质，并不附带具体曲式结构的意思。想一想法国尚松出奇整齐的形式（这一点我们必须随时记住），再看看坎佐内，是坎佐内最早表现规则的乐段式结构，就不会感到惊奇了：不久就出现了弗雷斯科巴尔迪。